#e <t>battle<d>838<n>Arabs fight at Naples<c>Naples
#e <t>battle<d>842<n>Arabs take Bari<c>Bari
#e <t>siege<d>846<n>Arabs besiege Rome<c>Rome<info>Arabs land at Ostia and threaten Rome. Unable to breach its walls, they sack the Vatican cathedrals of St. Peter and St. Paul.
// 10th century
// 11th century
#p <nat>Norman<o>ruler<n>Roger Guiscard<aka>Roger I<b>1031<d>1101<info>Roger Guiscard took the name Roger I, count of Sicily, after capturing it in 1072.
#e <t>battle<d>1072<n>Roger Guiscard takes Sicily<c>Sicily<au>Roger I
#p <nat>Norman<o>ruler<n>Roger II<b>1095<d>1154<fa>Roger I<info>Roger II ruled Sicily and southern Italy.
#e <d>1088<n>Bologna university receives charter<c>Bologna<info>Bologna university receives its charter - the first to do so. Paris followed in 1150, and Oxford in 1167.
// 12th century
#p <nat>Norman<o>ruler<n>Frederick II<b>1194<d>1250<info>Frederick II, grandson of Roger II, inherited Sicily, southern Italy, Germany and the crusader kingdom of Jerusalem. He was elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1220. He led the succesful "Fifth Crusade" to Palestine in 1228.
// 13th century
// 14th century
// 15th century
#e <t>decree<n>Papal bull divides New World<d>1493<c>Vatican<info>The New World was divided between Spain and Portugal by papal decree.
// 16th century
#e <t>sack<d>1527<n>Rome sacked<c>Rome<info>Rome was looted by the troops of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1527.